Wednesday, January 23, 2013

Canja de galinha

Canja de galinha is a typical Portuguese soup made of rice, chicken and flavoring ingredients like olive oil, mint, salt and pepper (1). The traditional recipe, nowadays used more in the countryside, includes also the giblets and unhatched eggs (2). Other difference between original and modern version is that now there is often used small pasta (letters, pip, noodles) instead of rice (3). However, it always continue to be a watery soup (4).
For the origin there are two main versions. The first version says that the soup is originally from China where it is called congee. The Chinese congee is almost identical to Portuguese canja de galinha which is the main argument for this version. What makes the story complicated is that similar soup is eaten almost in all Asia (3).
Another version indicates its origin in India, the Malabar Coast, port of Calicut where Vasco da Gama landed in 1492 (3). So it was a former Portuguese colony and connections between Portugal and Malabar region were stronger than with China (5). Also the Malayalam word kanji (or kenge) which means a hot and salty broth seems to be more adjusted to the current Portuguese name (3, 4).
The habit of eating canja de galinha in Portugal date back the late 18th and early 19th century when there was the French invasion of Portugal and the nobility regularly consumed this dish (5). This soup was also served to Arthur Wellesley (1828-1830), one of the generals who commanded the British army Portuguese-English during the French invasions, when Lavos landed in the first days of August 1808 (6, 7).
Because of Portuguese influence, the soup is also consumed in Brazil and other Portuguese speaking countries and regions (3). But Brazilian canja de galinha is more consistent soup, even able to replace a meal. We could not find a broth light and flimsy but a thick soup which always consists several vegetables and carrots and even potatoes (4).
In Portugal, Cabo Verde and Brazil this soup is always been associated with the dietary balance and recovering health (4). In these countries canja de galinha is widely believed to help a person overcome flu, digestive problems and other mild forms of sickness (1). In certain regions of Portugal, especially in the center of the country, there is a tradition of giving soup only to women after childbirth for a few weeks (3). In Cabo Verde canja is sometimes served after funeral, at the home of the deceased, perhaps because it "soothes" the heart. It is also served during special occasions, such as New Year's Eve, birthdays, and other special family events (1).
In Ajuda National Palace's kitchen there always had to be fresh canja de galinha made for Queen Maria Pia (1847-1911) because she believed that the soup was fundamental to the maintenance of health and therefore she consumed it daily (8, 4).
But she was not only royal person who loved canja de galinha. D. Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, consuming it daily, even in the intervals of the performances. As J. A. Dias Lopes describes in "The Emperor's Soup", the historians of the time commented that the monarch made sure to "enjoy a hot soup between the second and third acts, which began only after being given the signal that His Majesty ended the ceiazinha" (7).

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Canja é uma sopa típica portuguesa feita à base de arroz, frango e ingredientes aromatizantes como o azeite, a hortelã, o sal e a pimenta (1). A receita tradicional, hoje em dia mais utilizado no campo, inclui também os miúdos do frango (2). Outra diferença entre a versão original e moderna é que agora não é frequentemente utilizado massinhas (letras, pevide, aletria) em vez de arroz (3). No entanto, continua a ser uma sopa aguada (4).
Para a origem existem duas versões principais. A primeira versão diz que a sopa é originária da China, onde é chamado de congee. O congee chinês é quase idêntico ao Português canja de galinha, que é o principal argumento para esta versão. O que torna a história complicado é que a sopa é consumida quase semelhante em toda a Ásia (3).
Outra versão aponta sua origem na Índia, na Costa de Malabar, porto de Calicute, onde Vasco da Gama aportou em 1492 (3). Foi uma ex-colônia Portuguêsa pelo que as suas relações conexões entre Portugal e região Malabar eram mais fortes do que com a China (5). Também a palavra malaiala kanji (ou kenge), a palavra malaiala que designava um caldo quente e salgado, parece estar mais ajustado à actual designação portuguesa. (3, 4).
O hábito de consumir canja e agregar a ela propriedades medicinais remontam ao final do século XVIII começo do XIX com a invasão francesa em Portugal, quando a nobreza consumia regularmente esse prato. (5). Esta foi também a sopa servida a Arthur Wellesley (1828-1830), um dos generais ingleses que comandaram o exército luso-inglês durante as Invasões Francesas, quando desembarcou em Lavos nos primeiros dias de Agosto de 1808. (6, 7).
Por influência portuguesa, a canja é também consumida no Brasil e outros países e regiões de expressão portuguesa (3). Mas no Brasil a canja é mais consistente. É uma sopa substancial, quase uma sopa completa, capaz de substituir uma refeição. Uma sopa onde entram vários legumes, sempre cenoura e até batata. (4).
Em Portugal, Cabo Verde e Brasil, essa sopa está associado ao equilíbrio alimentar e a regenerador de saúde. (4). Nesses países, canja de galinha é amplamente acreditada no combate à gripe, problemas digestivos e outras doenças (1). Em certas regiões portuguesas, nomeadamente na região centro, existe uma tradição de dar apenas canja às mulheres depois do parto durante algumas semanas (3). Em Cabo Verde canja é servida às vezes depois do funeral, na casa do falecido, talvez porque "acalma" o coração. Também é servido em ocasiões especiais, como a véspera de Ano Novo, aniversários e outros eventos especiais da família (1).
No Palácio Nacional da Ajuda, teria que haver, sempre, canja fresca confecionada para a Rainha Dona Maria Pia (1847-1911) pois acreditava que a canja era fundamental para a manutenção da saúde se consumida diariamente (8, 4).
Mas não era a única que adorava canja de galinha. D. Pedro II, Imperador do Brasil, consumia-a diariamente, até mesmo nos intervalos dos espectáculos. Conforme conta J. A. Dias Lopes em “A Canja do Imperador”, os historiadores da época comentam que o monarca fazia questão de “saborear uma canja quente entre o segundo e o terceiro actos, que só começava depois de ser dado o sinal de que Sua Majestade terminara a ceiazinha” (7).
Canja de galinha
For 6 persons / para 6 pessoas
  • 1 chicken about 1,5 kg / 1 galinha (caseira) com cerca de 1,5 Kg
  • 1,7 l of water / 1,7 l de água
  • 5 g of salt / 5 gr de sal
  • 100 g of rice / 100 g de arroz
Place the water with salt and chicken to the pot and heat gently. Remove the foam that is produced.
If the chicken is cooked pour the rice and cook for another twenty minutes, covering the pot.
To give more taste, you can add different herbs (for example mint).

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Numa panela coloque a água com o sal e a galinha deixando aquecer lentamente e tirando a espuma que se for produzindo.
Estando cozida deite as 100 gr de arroz que se deixa cozer por mais vinte minutos, tapando a caçarola .
Para dar mais sabor, pode adicionar ervas diferentes (por exemplo hortelã).

Friday, January 11, 2013

Chanfana

So, the Christmas holidays are over and I am back here to share my discoveries about Portuguese cuisine. I have never tried the dish that I am going to talk about - chanfana -, but I liked the story behind it. Well, actually stories, in plural, because it turns out that the origin of the dish is not so clear. Anyway, Portugal has recently voted on its Seven Gastronomical Wonders and chanfana was shortlisted for the best meat dish category (although finally beaten by leitão - suckling pig) (1). I think it's quite trustworthy guarantee that the dish is worth trying.
Chanfana (the Portuguese Goat roast/stew) is a traditional dish in the center of Portugal, Beira Litoral Province. Although the chanfana is also well-known in Coimbra, the capital of the province, the actual birth place of this dish is in Vila Nova de Poiares - if the legends are correct (2). However, the dish is even so important in this region that every April a festival called "Capital of chanfana" is organized in Miranda do Corvo. The goal of the festival is to draw attention to local traditions and gastronomy and the way how to preserve it (3).
In the original recipe is used goat meat, but nonetheless, there are certain places in the Beira Litoral Province that use billy-goat, instead, such as – for instance – Coimbra. And then it didn’t take long for people to replace the goat for mutton, lamb, goatling or whatever suited their fancy, so nowadays you can actually find chanfana of about any kind of meat you can think of (2). In Miranda do Corvo there are two unique dishes derived from chanfana: a sopa de casamento and negalho. Although chanfana is typical for several municipalities in the Beira Litoral, a sopa de casamento and negalho are only made ​​in Miranda de Corvo. For a sopa de casamento are used leftovers of chanfana and for negalho goat entrails that are not used for making chanfana (1).
The story of the chanfana dish got tangled with the French Invasions during the Napoleonic campaigns in Europe in the 19th Century, so the versions of the story shift, although the basis remain basically the same. In August 1810 the French Troops invaded Portugal, pushing the English and Portuguese troops all the way to Buçaco, in the Beira Litoral Province. Eventually they pushed the troops south, remaining in the Central Region for about 3 years. During that time, as it was normal back then, they pillaged the surrounding areas, taking everything they could find, that included the animals, but they left behind the old goats and billy-goats, because they found they weren’t good to eat, since it was tough meat. So, the most common version says that the Portuguese people had to make due with what they left, the old animals and they found a way to cook it, so that it would taste better and also the meat was tender. For that they used red wine, lots of it (2).
But another version tells that was not what happened. What happened was that there a Monastery in Semide, which is part of Vila Nova de Poiares in Miranda do Corvo, where the nuns displeased with the state of things, invasions and invaders and pillages and the likes, decided to kill all the animals they had and cook them, so the French couldn’t have them. And apparently according to this version, all the animals they had were old goats, by the looks of it. But here is where the stories differ: by one account, the Frenchmen, to get back at the population or the nuns, had poisoned the waters, so the nuns had no water to cook; another account mentions, that actually who poisoned the waters were the nuns, so the Frenchmen had no water. No matter which version is accurate, the matter is that they didn’t have water to cook, so instead they used red wine (2).
Finally, a more peaceful version of the events leaves out the Frenchmen and just mentions that actually the farmers and shepherds around the Monastery had to pay a rent each year. Many of them paid the rent in kind, depending on what they had, so a lot of them had wine, so they paid in wine, others had goats and so on and so forth. Now, the nuns didn’t have the time or the expertise to keep a large herd, so they found a way to cook the meat in a manner that actually preserved the meat for a long time. Once the goat was cooked, the nuns stored the meat in its original cooking recipients in the fresh cellars of the monastery. The roasted/stewed goat meat cooked in the red wine was preserved in the solified gravy from the cooking for several months (2).
One more interesting fact about chanfana is that it's not cooked in ordinary pan or pot, traditionally the black clay pot from Olho Marinho in Vila Nova de Poiares is used for that. Of course this pot is not obligatory for making chanfana but it is said that the dish tastes much better if you use it (2).